Scientific References
Scientific literature, standards, and resources supporting the dual-electrode glutamine sensor design and protocols.
Literature References
Continuous electrochemical monitoring of L-glutamine using redox-probe-modified L-glutamine-binding protein based on intermittent pulse amperometry
Takamatsu, S., Lee, J., Asano, R., Tsugawa, W., Ikebukuro, K., Sode, K. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, Vol. 346, 130554
Q-SHINE: A versatile sensor for glutamine measurement via ligand-induced dimerization
Lim, Y., Kim, J.Y., Jung, Y.H., Lee, J.H., Baek, M.S., Jung, J.H., Kim, H.Y., Lee, W., Park, K., Seo, M.H. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, Vol. 390, 133951
Immobilization of Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Application to Food Bioprocess Monitoring
Sun, G., Wei, X., Zhang, D., Huang, L., Liu, H., Fang, H. Biosensors, 2023, Vol. 13, Issue 9, 886
Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Ahammad, A.J.S., Lee, J.J., Rahman, M.A. Sensors, 2009, Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp. 2289-2319
Critical overview on the application of sensors and biosensors for clinical analysis
Justino, C.I.L., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T.A.P. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2016, Vol. 85, pp. 36-60
Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glutamate Sensor Using Copper Oxide Nanostructures
Ali, M.Y., et al. Biosensors, 2023, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 237
Glutamine Biosensors for Biotechnology Applications, with Emphasis on Interference from Glutamate
Mǎdǎraş, M.B., et al. Analytical Chemistry, 1997, Vol. 69, Issue 19, pp. 3944-3949
Glutamate sensing in biofluids: recent advances and challenges
Schultz, J., et al. Analyst, 2020, Vol. 145, Issue 2, pp. 321-347
In vivo Electrochemical Biosensor for Brain Glutamate Detection
Hamdan, S.K., et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2014, Vol. 56, pp. 86-93
Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials as electrochemical biosensors for detection of biomolecules
Nemiwal, M., et al. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2022, Vol. 156, 109956
Electrochemical biosensors: perspective on functional nanomaterials for on-site analysis
Cho, I.H., Kim, D.H., Park, S. Biomaterials Research, 2020, Vol. 24, Article 6
Recent trends in carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecule detection
Yang, C., Denno, M.E., Pyakurel, P., Venton, B.J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2015, Vol. 887, pp. 17-37
Hydrophobic Carbon Surface Remedies
🔬 Specialized References
The following references specifically address hydrophobic carbon electrode issues and provide solutions for improving droplet spreading and electrochemical response on screen-printed carbon surfaces.
Improving detection of hydrogen peroxide of screen-printed carbon paste electrodes by modifying with nonionic surfactants
Yuan, C.-J., et al. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009, Vol. 653(1), pp. 71-76
Key Finding: Nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween-20) improved electrochemical response 8–10 fold by enhancing surface wettability and electron transfer kinetics.
Highly activated screen-printed carbon electrodes by electrochemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide
Valero, E., et al. Electrochemistry Communications, 2020, Vol. 116, 106762
Key Finding: H₂O₂ electrochemical activation provides 140-fold improvement in sensitivity vs untreated SPCEs through aggressive oxidation and surface functionalization.
Simple pre-treatment by low-level oxygen plasma activates screen-printed carbon electrode
Chang, J., et al. Applied Surface Science, 2021, Vol. 538, 148130
Key Finding: Low-power oxygen plasma treatment (30s-2min) creates superhydrophilic surfaces with contact angles dropping from 130° to 40° or lower.
Inkjet printing of enzyme solutions for biosensor applications
Cook, C.C., et al. Biosensors, 2012, Vol. 2, pp. 654-680
Key Finding: Demonstrates effective use of Triton X-100 for improving droplet spreading and pattern uniformity in biosensor fabrication.
💡 Implementation Note:
These references support the implementation of surfactant addition (Triton X-100) as the primary solution for hydrophobic carbon electrode wetting issues, with alternative plasma and H₂O₂ treatments available for enhanced performance if equipment permits.
Standards and Guidelines
ISO 13485:2016 - Medical devices — Quality management systems — Requirements for regulatory purposes
International Organization for Standardization, 2016
ISO/TR 12885:2018 - Nanotechnologies — Health and safety practices in occupational settings
International Organization for Standardization, 2018
CLSI EP09 - Measurement Procedure Comparison and Bias Estimation Using Patient Samples
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2018